Brasília, the capital city of Brazil, is a planned city that was inaugurated in 1960 to serve as the new national capital. It is located in the central-western region of the country within the Federal District. The city was designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and urban planner Lúcio Costa, with the aim of promoting the development of the interior of Brazil and reducing the concentration of political and economic power in the coastal cities. Brasília is renowned for its modernist architecture and unique urban planning.
History of Brasília
The idea of moving the capital from Rio de Janeiro to the interior of Brazil dates back to the early 19th century. However, it wasn’t until the presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek in the 1950s that the plan was realized. Kubitschek’s government adopted the slogan “50 years of progress in 5,” emphasizing rapid development and modernization.
Construction of Brasília began in 1956, and the city was officially inaugurated on April 21, 1960. The location was chosen for its central position in the country, symbolizing the integration and unification of Brazil’s diverse regions. The city’s design is based on a cross-shaped layout, with two main axes intersecting at the center: the Monumental Axis and the Residential Axis.
Brasília’s rapid construction and innovative design earned it recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987. Today, the city stands as a testament to Brazil’s ambition and vision for the future.
Modern Brasília
Brasília is a vibrant and diverse city with a population of approximately 3 million people in its metropolitan area. The city is divided into several sectors, each designated for specific functions, such as government buildings, residential areas, commercial zones, and cultural institutions.
Brasília serves as the political heart of Brazil, housing the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government. The city is also a major cultural center, with numerous theaters, museums, and cultural events taking place throughout the year.
The city’s economy is primarily driven by public administration, services, and commerce. Brasília has a high standard of living, with well-developed infrastructure, modern amenities, and a strong emphasis on green spaces and sustainability.
City Facts
- Area: Approximately 5,802 square kilometers (2,239 square miles)
- Population: Around 3 million (metropolitan area, 2023 estimate)
- Time Zone: Brasília Time (BRT), UTC -3
- Highest Point: Pico do Roncador, approximately 1,341 meters (4,400 feet)
- Longest River: Paranoá River (artificial lake created by damming the river)
Major Landmarks
Praça dos Três Poderes
Praça dos Três Poderes (Three Powers Plaza) is the central square of Brasília, where the three branches of government converge. It is surrounded by the Presidential Palace (Palácio do Planalto), the National Congress, and the Supreme Federal Court. The square is a symbol of Brazil’s democracy and political system.
Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada (Palace of Dawn) is the official residence of the President of Brazil. Designed by Oscar Niemeyer, the palace is an iconic example of modernist architecture, with its sleek lines and reflective pools. The building is situated on the shores of Lake Paranoá and is one of the most recognizable landmarks in Brasília.
Catedral Metropolitana de Brasília
The Metropolitan Cathedral of Brasília, also known as Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora Aparecida, is a striking modernist structure designed by Oscar Niemeyer. The cathedral features a hyperboloid design with 16 concrete columns arranged in a circular pattern. The interior is illuminated by beautiful stained glass windows, creating a serene and ethereal atmosphere.
Palácio do Itamaraty
Palácio do Itamaraty, also known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is another masterpiece by Oscar Niemeyer. The building is characterized by its floating appearance, with large arches and a reflecting pool. The interior features exquisite works of art and elegant design elements.
Congresso Nacional
The National Congress of Brazil is housed in a distinctive building complex that includes two tall towers flanked by two semi-spherical structures. The towers contain the offices of senators and deputies, while the semi-spheres house the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The building is a prominent symbol of Brasília’s modernist architecture and political significance.
Ponte JK
Ponte Juscelino Kubitschek, commonly known as Ponte JK, is a stunning bridge that spans Lake Paranoá. Named after the president who founded Brasília, the bridge is an architectural marvel with its three asymmetrical arches. It is a popular spot for photography and offers beautiful views of the lake and city skyline.
Museu Nacional Honestino Guimarães
The National Museum, designed by Oscar Niemeyer, is a futuristic structure resembling a white dome. The museum hosts a variety of exhibitions, including contemporary art, historical artifacts, and cultural displays. It is part of the Cultural Complex of the Republic, which also includes the National Library.
Parque da Cidade
Parque da Cidade Sarah Kubitschek is one of the largest urban parks in the world, offering extensive green spaces, recreational facilities, and walking trails. The park is a favorite destination for residents and visitors alike, providing a tranquil escape from the urban environment.
Climate Overview
Brasília has a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season runs from October to April, while the dry season lasts from May to September. The city’s high altitude moderates temperatures, resulting in mild and pleasant weather throughout the year.
| Month | Average Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Sunny Days |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | 23 | 246 | 12 |
| February | 23 | 217 | 12 |
| March | 23 | 206 | 13 |
| April | 22 | 133 | 15 |
| May | 20 | 37 | 22 |
| June | 19 | 8 | 25 |
| July | 19 | 6 | 27 |
| August | 21 | 16 | 26 |
| September | 22 | 66 | 22 |
| October | 23 | 160 | 17 |
| November | 23 | 210 | 14 |
| December | 23 | 246 | 12 |
Historical Capitals
Salvador (1549-1763)
Salvador was the first capital of Brazil, serving from 1549 until 1763. The city was founded by Tomé de Sousa and became an important center for the sugar industry and the Atlantic slave trade. Salvador is known for its rich Afro-Brazilian culture, colonial architecture, and vibrant festivals.
Major Landmarks in Salvador
- Pelourinho: The historic center of Salvador, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is known for its colorful colonial buildings, cobblestone streets, and lively cultural scene.
- São Francisco Church and Convent: This baroque church is famous for its intricate gold leaf decorations and beautiful azulejo tiles.
Rio de Janeiro (1763-1960)
Rio de Janeiro was the capital of Brazil from 1763 until the inauguration of Brasília in 1960. The city is famous for its stunning natural beauty, iconic landmarks, and vibrant culture. Rio de Janeiro remains one of the most visited cities in the world.
Major Landmarks in Rio de Janeiro
- Christ the Redeemer: The iconic statue of Christ overlooking the city from the summit of Corcovado Mountain is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.
- Sugarloaf Mountain: A prominent peak rising from the edge of the city, offering panoramic views of Rio de Janeiro and the surrounding area.
Country Facts
- Population: Approximately 213 million (2023 estimate)
- Area: 8,515,767 square kilometers (3,287,956 square miles)
- Largest City: São Paulo
- Currency: Brazilian real (BRL)
- Official Language: Portuguese
- ISO Country Codes: BR, BRA
- Time Zone: BRT (UTC -3)
- Highest Point: Pico da Neblina, 2,995 meters (9,826 feet)
- Longest River: Amazon River, approximately 7,000 kilometers (4,345 miles)
Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth-largest in the world by both area and population. It is known for its diverse ecosystems, including the Amazon rainforest, Pantanal wetlands, and extensive coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil’s economy is one of the largest in the world, with key sectors including agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and services.
The country’s rich cultural heritage is reflected in its music, dance, cuisine, and festivals, such as Carnival. Brazil is also a major player in international sports, particularly in football (soccer), where it has won the FIFA World Cup a record five times.